Describe the evolution of the first bipeds (hominins) using at least four of the approved sources. Describe some different hypotheses for why the earliest hominins became bipedal. Describe the morphological (skeletal) evidence of bipedalism in early bipeds. Describe each of these species and groups: Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin tugenensis, the genera Ardipithecus, and the genera Australopithecus.
For each species you describe, discuss their morphological features, possible habitat, and date range. You need to provide dates or date ranges for existence of each species you describe.
REQUIRED TOPICS
bipedalism
foramen magnum
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Orrorin tugenensis
Ardipithecus ramidus
Australopithecus anamensis
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus sediba
RECOMMENDED OUTLINE (5 Paragraphs Total)
Introduction (1 paragraph)
Bipedalism and early bipeds (Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, &
Ardipithecus) (1 paragraph)
Australopithecenes (2 paragraphs)
Conclusion (1 paragraph)
APPROVED SOURCES
(You must use at least four sources, three of which must be written.)
Our Origins (your textbook)
Larsen, Clark Spencer 2016 Our Origins. New York: W.W. Norton & Company
Bones: Origins of Us
Films on Demand 2011 Bones: Origins of Us. http://digital.films.com.ozone.nsc.edu:8080/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=13906&xtid=52548, accessed March 16, 2014.
Fossils, Feet, and the Evolution of Human Bipedal Locomotion
Harcourt-Smith, W.E.H. and L.C. Aiello 2004 Fossils, Feet, and the Evolution of Human Bipedal Locomotion. Journal of Anatomy 204(5):403-416.
Australopitheucs to Homo: Transformations in Body and Mind
McHenry, Henry M. and Katherine Coffing 2000 Australopithecus to Homo: Transformations in Body and Mind. Annual Review of `Anthropology 29:125-146.
For Britannica sources, access updated articles online https://www.britannica.com/ and you can use the reference entries below as a guide, with updated dates!
Ardipithecus Ramidus – Encylopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica 2014 Ardipithecus Ramidus. Encyclopaedia Online Academic Edition. http://www.britannica.com.proxy.missouristate.edu/, accessed March 16, 2014. Australopithecus – Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica
2014 Australopithecus. Encyclopaedia Online Academic Edition. http://www.britannica.com.proxy.missouristate.edu/, accessed March 16, 2014.
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