Start reading from Section 21
In Section 22, Sartre accepts some of Descartes, especially that subjectivity is foundational for existentialism.
I think. I am. While the syntax often includes the proposition “therefore” it is not causality; the thinking subject by thinking does not create the self, ego (Latin – I). Rather, thinking and being are simultaneous.
causa sui = cause of itself
Descartes posits that at the bottom of it all is a thinking self and from that thinking subject everything outside the becomes true and real. Sartre disagrees to a point. Our sense of our self is immediate and from this epistemological truth arises the ontological (being, reality). This, for Sartre, is absolute truth.
Section 23: Sartre posits the second benefit of this theory and that it affirms human dignity. Sartre is like the naturalistic authors we read in our textbook, here he calls it ‘materialism’. There is only the material reality of which we are a subject living in this social and ecological reality. See Section 5 for the definition of existentialism that relates to this section.
Human beings are natural but have choices within this predetermined natural world.
Sartre distinguishes his philosophy from the dualism of both Descartes and Kant. What is this dualism?
For Sartre our subjectivity comes from our being an object for other subjectivities. That is, others see and experience us as objects in their reality just as we are a subjectivity that encounters other subjects as objects. We are both subject and object. What does Sartre see as important in others?
Section 24 is a further discussion of the above ideas.
He reaffirms that there is no human nature but there is, “nevertheless a human universality of condition.”
The condition of being in the world is universal. This affirms then that human beings all share in this universality which makes our individual purposes, choices, and values comprehensible. The relativities of history, language, and culture does not alter the “absoluteness of the act of choice”.
What is universal about being human (though not an essence) is that we each choose.
Section 25 details free commitment.
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